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The military of the European Union comprises the various cooperative structures that have been established between the armed forces of the member states, both intergovernmentally and within the institutional framework of the union; the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) branch of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The policy area of defence is principally the domain of nation states, and the main military alliance in Europe remains the intergovernmental North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), which includes 22 of the EU member states together with four non-EU European countries, Albania, Iceland, Turkey and Norway, as well as the United States and Canada. The development of the CSDP with regard to the existing role of NATO is a contentious issue. The military form of European integration has however intensified in the beginning of the 21st century, bringing about the deployment of numerous CSDP operations and the establishment of EU battlegroups. The latter have however never been engaged in operations, and other, recent examples of military integration, such as the European corps, gendarmerie force and air transport command, are intergovernmental, and outside the institutional framework of the union. Article 42 of the Treaty on European Union provides for substantial military integration within the institutional framework of the union.〔Article 42, Treaty on European Union〕 Complete integration is an option that requires unanimity in the European Council of heads of state or government. For now it remains politically gridlocked considering the critical stance of the United Kingdom in particular. Article 42 does also provide for a permanent structured cooperation between the armed forces of a subset of member states. As of 2015 this option has not been used, despite calls by prominent leaders such as former French President Nicolas Sarkozy, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, former Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini and former Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt for a common defence for the Union.〔(Italy's Foreign Minister says post-Lisbon EU needs a European Army ), The Times. 2009-11-15〕〔(Merkel's European Army: More Than a Paper Tiger? ) by Peter C. Glover, World Politics Review, 2007-04-25.〕〔(EU military at Bastille Day celebration ). Irishtimes.com (7 July 2007). Retrieved on 2011-12-17.〕 However the debate has intensified by the standoff between the EU and Russia over Ukraine. With new calls for an EU military by EU commission president Jean-Claude Juncker and by other European leaders and policy makers like the head of the German parliament’s foreign policy committee Norbert Röttgen, saying an EU army was “a European vision whose time has come”.〔(Jean-Claude Juncker calls for EU army ), The Guardian. 2015-03-08〕〔(), Euractiv. 2015-03-09〕 Article 42 was invoked for the first time by French President François Hollande, foollowing the November 2015 Paris attacks. Speaking in front of a joint session of parliament in Versailles, Hollande described the terrorist attack as an attack against Europe as a whole.〔()〕〔()〕 ==History== ImageSize = width:430 height:850 PlotArea = left:50 right:0 bottom:10 top:10 DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1945 till:2015 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1945 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1945 PlotData= Color:yellow mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:M shift:(0,-3) # shift text to right side of bar # there is no automatic collision detection, fontsize:XS # so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap shift:(25,-10) at:1945 shift:15,-6 text: World War II ends at:1947 shift:15,-6 text: Franco-British alliance established at:1948 shift:15,-6 text: Western Union Defence Organisation established at:1949 shift:15,-6 text: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation established at:1953 shift:15,-6 text: Finabel established at:1954 shift:15,-6 text: European Defence Community rejected at:1970 shift:15,-6 text: European Political Cooperation established at:1992 shift:15,-6 text: Petersberg tasks adopted at:1996 shift:15,-6 text: European Security and Defence Identity introduced at:2000 shift:15,-6 text: Military Committee established at:2001 shift:15,-6 text: Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation established at:2003 shift:15,-6 text: Security Strategy and Helsinki Headline Goal adopted at:2004 shift:15,-6 text: Defence Agency established at:2007 shift:15,-6 text: EU battle groups introduced at:2009 shift:15,-6 text: Permanent structured cooperation enabled at:2010 shift:15,-6 text: European Air Transport Command established Following the end of World War II and the defeat of the Axis Powers, the Dunkirk Treaty was signed by France and the United Kingdom on 4 March 1947 as a ''Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance'' against a possible German attack in the aftermath of World War II. The Dunkirk Treaty entered into force on 8 September 1947. The 1948 Treaty of Brussels established the military Western Union Defence Organisation with an allied European command structure under Field Marshal Montgomery. Western European powers, except for Ireland, Sweden, Finland and Austria, signed the North Atlantic Treaty alongside the United States and Canada which only created a passive defence association until 1951 when, during the Korean War, the existing and fully functioning Western Union Defence Organisation was augmented to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Military of the European Union」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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